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<h1>AMRAD Low Frequency Web Page</h1>

<ul style='margin-top:0in'>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span
     style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Arial'>NEW ITEMS TO CHECK OUT:</span></b>
     </li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><a
     href="ImpedanceMeter.pdf">AMRAD Presentation on LF Impedance Measurement,
     HFC2002, London England, 12 OCT 2002</a> (pdf)</li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><a
     href="amradio.pdf">AMRAD Remote Receiver Paper</a>(pdf)</li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><a
     href="PIC8_4B.ASM">Larry Kayser&#8217;s,, PIC Program .ASM file</a> </li>
</ul>

<ul style='margin-top:0in'>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l8 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><a
     href="NPRMComments.pdf">AMRAD Comments on FCC LF Allocation Notice of
     Proposed Rule Making RM-9404</a> (pdf)</b><b><span style='font-family:
     Arial'> </span></b></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l8 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span
     style='font-family:Arial'><a href="CEPT-LF.pdf">CEPT draft recommendation
     on LF allocation to Radio Amateurs</a></span></b></li>
</ul>

<ul style='margin-top:0in'>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l8 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><a
     href="UPERR.pdf">AMRAD LF Upconverter makes April, 2002 QST, Errata Note</a>
     (pdf)</b></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l8 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span
     style='font-family:Arial'><a href="actant/">AMRAD Active LF
     Antenna</a>,</span></b><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Arial'>
     </span></b><b><span style='font-family:Arial'>September 2001 QST, Notes.</span></b></li>
</ul>

<ul style='margin-top:0in'>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l8 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><a
     href="DIGITALMODULATOR.PDF">Digital Modulator</a></b><b><span
     style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Arial'> </span></b><b><span
     style='font-family:Arial'>(pdf) Future LF Design?</span></b></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l8 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><a
     href="DIGITALAMPLIFIER.PDF">Digital Amplifier</a></b><b><span
     style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Arial'> </span></b><b><span
     style='font-family:Arial'>(pdf) Future LF Design?</span></b></li>
</ul>

<p class=MsoNormal><img width=573 height=4 src=line2.gif alt="Line"></p>

<h2><span style='font-family:Arial'>WHAT IS LF?</span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>LF stands for Low Frequency,
that portion of the RF spectrum extending from 30 through 300 kHz. In Europe,
where there are numerous broadcast transmitters between 150 and 250 kHz, it is
often called ``Long Wave''. Under ideal conditions in mid-winter the high power
European broadcast transmitters can be heard on the U.S. East coast.</span> </p>

<p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>In the United States, users of the LF band
include the US Navy, WWVB, LowFERs between 160 and 190 kHz (<a
href="http://www.lwca.org/">Longwave Home Page</a> and <a
href="http://www.anarc.org/lwca">Longwave Club of America Home Page</a>)
LowFERs are limited to one watt and a 15 meter antenna under FCC part 15. They
have demonstrated some amazing ranges under what would appear to be very
restrictive rules. Check out these web pages to see what they are able to do.
The Longwave Club of America publishes an interesting and informative
newsletter LOWDOWN. A serious LF person should subscribe to be sure not to miss
new and important information on the LF scene.</span> </p>

<p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>The electric power companies also transmit
signals on the power lines at those frequencies. Their signals are called Power
Line Carriers (PLC) and use the power lines to conduct the signals. Some
unintended radiation occurs and when listening at the noise threshold of LF
these can be heard as modulated and unmodulated carriers. When using a mobile
LF receiving setup you can hear these PLCs come way up in strength as you pass
near or under long distance power transmission lines. The power companies never
applied for or received FCC licenses for this operation. Now with the potential
for amateur allocations, power companies are voicing some concern on the
potential for interference with their systems.</span> </p>

<p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Starting at 200 kHz up to around 420 kHz
Non-Directional Beacons (NDB) dot the North American continent. NDBs are
located at or near many airports to aid navigation using direction finders on
the aircraft. These signals are a good first test of LF receiving systems and
can challenge listeners to see how far away they can be heard. Inland NDBs run
around 200 watts with a simple Marconi antenna. NDBs on the end of a chain at
the coastal edge can run 2.5 kW to reach further out to sea.</span> </p>

<p style='text-align:center'><img width=573 height=5
src=line2.gif alt="Line"></p>

<h2><span style='font-family:Arial'>WHY LF?</span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Operation on LF presents
unusual challenges (read ``problems''). The wavelength at 187 kHz is 1 mile,
and a quarter wave is 1,320 feet! It gets worse. At 137 kHz where the
wavelength becomes 1.3 miles and a quarter wave vertical would reach up 1800
feet. Worse yet at 76 kHz the wavelength is 2.46 miles.</span> </p>

<p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Hence for those of you interested in building
your own equipment, getting the maximum out of necessarily inefficient
antennas, using DSP to fight man-made noise, LF is a wonderful place to
experiment. If you wonder why LF we can argue the need for a pool of trained LF
engineers and listeners for &quot;national&quot; needs such as was needed at HF
in WW2. <b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Very Interesting
indeed. </b></span><b>Who will build LF systems in the future? You, perhaps.</b>
</p>

<p style='text-align:center'><img width=573 height=4
src=line2.gif alt="Line"></p>

<h2><span style='font-family:Arial'>LF TRANSMITTING ANTENNAS:</span></h2>

<ul>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>At
     LF frequencies, traditional antennas of acceptable length exhibit
     efficiencies well below 0.1% (yes, one tenth of 1%); hence the search is
     on for improving traditional antennas, and finding possibly new
     configurations that may yield better efficiency. AMRAD is looking for ways
     to build efficient antennas with common materials on a typical radio
     amateur suburban/urban lot. The search continues.</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
     has built a 1500 foot long bipole antenna. This is a wire that goes
     through the woods and is connected on one end to a 300 foot steel well
     casing and a ground rod in lake on the other. It is tuned to resonance
     with two large coils near the ends and a ferrite toroid transformer gets
     it all to 50 ohms for the transmitter. Initially it was not strong back
     here in the Washington DC area. But now it looks like the signal is pretty
     good further out. It may favor sky wave to ground wave. Recent results
     have been good with reception into London, Ontario Canada by Mitch Powell
     VE3OT. His zipped .wav file can be downloaded </span><a href="wa2.zip">here</a><span
     style='font-size:13.5pt'>. Note that it is almost 750k. This reception is
     about 324 miles or 521 km. Closer in we have reception confirmed from
     Steve Dove W3EEE/G3YDV at Mt. Gretna PA.</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
     built a small Marconi antenna with only a single wire in the top hat. It
     is 30 feet high with a 50 foot long top hat. It does not work real well.
     We will look at adding more top hat wires. The tuner is built with
     Walmart/Kmart plastic storage boxes as the coil forms.</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
     built a vertical loop with mixed results. More refinement to reduce
     resistance losses are being contemplated. &quot;Zip wire ain't efficient
     here!&quot;</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>If
     you need a field strength meter to measure and adjust LF antennas take a
     look here: <a href="fs\index.html">PA0SE Field strength meter for the 137
     kHz band</a></span></li>
</ul>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:center'><img width=573 height=5 src=line2.gif alt="Line"></p>

<h2><span style='font-family:Arial'>LF RECEIVING ANTENNAS:</span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Many people use active
antennas, while others prefer ferrite bars, or remotely tuned whips.</span> </p>

<ul>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l4 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Bill,
     W3CSW has been building some attic loops antennas rotated with syncros and
     remotely tuned with a capacitor decade box. You can read about it <a
     href="attic.html">here.</a></span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l4 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>The
     simplest and quite effective LF antenna is the E-Field probe. It is
     essentially a short whip with a very high impedance amplifier at the base
     to convert the signal impedance to the coaxial cable impedance. To this
     day Ralph Burhans wrote the best information. It appeared in the magazine
     Radio-Electronics over the months of March, April, May and June of 1983.
     Our local library central library in Fairfax Virginia has these on
     microfilm. Other large public and university libraries as well as
     old-timer basements should also have these magazines. The effort to find
     them is well worth it. These antennas work well today and Ralph Burhans
     imparts a lot of good wisdom on the whys and wherefores of LF receiving
     antenna design.</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l4 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
     member Andre' N4ICK has a nifty design that combines an E-Field probe and
     varactor tuned preamp to limit overload by strong stations. You can see
     his work here. <a href="lfpreamp.html">N4ICK LF preamp</a></span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l4 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>In
     addition, an isolation transformer between the LF receiving antenna and
     the shack with the receiver is needed to limit the AC powerline currents
     flowing into the antenna ground system. If powerline noise and trash are
     made to flow in the antenna ground they will couple into the electric
     field around the antenna and thusly into the antenna signal. Once
     corrupted, it is difficult to remove and can reduce receiving sensitivity
     by may decibels. No good LF receiving station should be without one. AMRAD
     has built some and a description of how to build one is <a
     href="isolationxfmr.html">here</a></span>.</li>
</ul>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:center'><img width=573 height=4 src=line2.gif alt="Line"></p>

<h2><span style='font-family:Arial'>LF TRANSMITTERS:</span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Transmitters can be either
very efficient switchers or audio amplifiers with bandwidth extending to 200
Khz or beyond. Glenn KA0ESA and Andr� N4ICK are busy building such
contraptions. AMRAD purchased and has tested a commercial transmitter made in
Holland. See a review <a href="FirstRvw.html">here</a>.</span> </p>

<p style='text-align:center'><img width=573 height=5
src=line2.gif alt="Line"></p>


<h2><span style='font-family:Arial'>LF SIGNAL PROPAGATION:</span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>LF signals can propagate by
ground wave or by sky wave. Most studies on LF propagation have concentrated on
the ground wave mode and little data and analysis exist on sky wave
propagation. J.S. Belrose et al presented data on LF skywave propagation in the
Proceedings of the IEEE in May of 1959. This paper seems to be the best source
of data on the subject. AMRAD is looking at acquiring data on European LF
broadcast stations to help engineer the system necessary to achieve a
transatlantic QSO on LF. Some early data has been collected by Sandy, WB5MMB
and is shown <a href="162.jpg">here.</a></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span
style='font-size:13.5pt'>Note the abrupt drop in signal level around 0700 GMT
which corresponds with sunrise in the area of the transmitter. We are curious
to know what other phenomena might be exploited to achieve a transatlantic QSO.</span>
</p>

<p style='text-align:center'><img width=573 height=5
src=line2.gif alt="Line"></p>

<p style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt'><a
href="rx/index.htm">LF RECEIVERS:</a></span></b> </p>

<p style='text-align:center'><img width=573 height=5
src=line2.gif alt="Line"></p>

<h2><span style='font-family:Arial'>DSP SOFTWARE:</span></h2>

<ul>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Weak
     signals can be copied using narrower bandwidths than customary on HF.</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>While
     500 Hz is considered narrow on HF we could copy really weak signals on LF
     with bandwidths well below 100 Hz and even below 10 Hz under some
     conditions.</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>European
     LF hams have been using slow CW (QRS) with speeds like 3 seconds for a dot
     which would result in 9 seconds for a dash.</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>LowFERs
     in the United States have perfected narrowband forms of binary phase shift
     keying (BPSK) and have demonstrated automated detection sometimes taking
     all night to recover a weak signal.</span></li>
</ul>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>All these narrowband modes
can make good use of computer signal processing. This can use either a general
purpose PC with sound card software or a more special purpose Digital Signal
Processor (DSP). The DSP chips are much simpler than a PC while being much more
powerful having been optimized from the ground up for signal processing.
Several AMRAD members are working on DSP to include Bob WA3WDR and Dave K8MMO.
Bob provided some insight in his fine AMRAD article <a href="DSPIntro.html">here</a>.</span>
</p>

<p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>For an excellent example of DSP reception see
<a href="Dbf39.jpg">image of frequency vs. time plot for commercial LF station
DBF39.</a> (From <a href="mailto:spin@inrete.it">Marco Bruno - IK1ODO</a></span>
) <span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Also check out our trip to </span><b><a
href="jan2000\index.html">Nags Head NC</a></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>
and some of the spectrograms we got there.</span> </p>

<p style='text-align:center'><img width=573 height=5
src=line2.gif alt="Line"></p>

<p><a name=DspIntregration></a><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:
Arial'>DSP INTEGRATION:</span></b> </p>

<p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Work by AMRAD Members Bill Farmer W3CSW (with
Frank Gentges K0BRA and Andre N4ICK looking over his shoulder) on using the
RX320 along with a DSP program has resulted in a calibrated frequency accuracy
of about 1 hertz on the DSP spectrogram. This work has combined the use of Gerd
Neiphaus' program </span><b><a href="http://www.weaksignals.com/">GNRX320</a></b><span
style='font-size:13.5pt'> and the PADEN DSP program <b><a
href="http://www.weaksignals.com/">Spectran</a></b>. This has turned out to be
a powerful LF weak signal monitoring set up. Bill was able to discriminate
between two beacons running on almost the same frequencies. A screen capture
can be seen <a href="AMRADdec.jpg">here.</a></span> <span style='font-size:
13.5pt'>The procedure for getting this accuracy is provided <a href="cal.html">here.</a></span><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
href="http://www.weaksignals.com/">Argo/Spectran/Jason</a></span></b><span
style='font-size:18.0pt'> </span><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Authors Alberto
di Bene, I2PHD and Vittorio De Tomasi. IK2CZL have a lot of further
improvements planned so stay tuned to their web site as these changes start
showing up so we have seen nothing yet. See our journey to </span><b><a
href="jan2000\index.html">Nags Head NC</a></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>
where we used this setup extensively and it was a delight.</span> <br>
&nbsp; <br>
&nbsp; </p>

<p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>References: must reading, from cover to
cover, the RSGB's ``The LF Sourcebook'' and Ken Cornell W2IMB's <b>The Low and
Medium Frequency Radio Scrapbook. </b>Ken Cornell passed away recently and the
availability of his book is limited.</span> </p>

<p style='text-align:center'><img width=573 height=5 src=line2.gif alt="Line"></p>

<h2><span style='font-family:Arial'>WHAT IS AMRAD DOING?</span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Click on these links for
images of early AMRAD LF experiments:</span> </p>

<ul>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l0 level1 lfo20;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
     href="lf1.jpg">238664 byte image</a></span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l0 level1 lfo20;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
     href="lf2.jpg">226692 byte image</a></span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l0 level1 lfo20;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
     href="lf3.jpg">174610 byte image</a></span></li>
</ul>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>More recently:</span> </p>

<ul>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
     members Sandy, WB5MMB and Hal, WB3KDU went to the mountains to see if they
     could copy the New Years day transmission from SAQ at Grimeton Sweden. SAQ
     uses the last existing Alexanderson alternator to generate the VLF signal
     at 17.2 kHz. They copied the signal with a 40 foot mast and 4 40 foot
     ground radials for an antenna. A hombrew upconverter was used ahead of an
     Icom R71A with a 500 Hz CW filter. The transmission was logged at 1:00 AM
     EST on 2 January. The location was N38-59-06 W78-00-00 on ridge about
     1000' above the valley and 1/4 or more miles from nearest house or power line.
     You can hear how they did </span><a href="SAQWAV.zip">here</a><span
     style='font-size:13.5pt'> with their 700k zipped .wav file.</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
     has been coordinating with European Radio Amateurs on LF and is
     co-sponsoring the LF Transatlantic Challenge with the <a href="bobek.html">Bobek
     award</a>.</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
     applied for and received an experimental FCC Part 5 license to operate at
     1 watt EIRP on 136.750 Khz. Details are announced at <a href="AMRADpr.html">WA2XTF
     LF transmissions</a></span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
     LF transmissions continue. See our recent DSP Integration work above.</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
     went to Nags Head, NC to see how LF listening might be right on the beach.
     See <a href="LFTest1999.html">Field test in January 1999</a> for more
     information.</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
     returned to Nags Head NC over the weekend of January 16, 2000</span><b><span
     style='font-size:18.0pt'>. </span><a href="jan2000\index.html">See our
     Nags Head 2000 web page for more information.</a></b></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
     returned still again to Nags Head NC and Burke Lake Park VA over 12-15
     January, 2001</span><span style='font-size:18.0pt'>. </span><a
     href="JAN2001\JAN01.htm">See our Nags Head 2001 web page for more
     information.</a></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
     had the opportunity to connect to an unused Navy LF Marconi antenna at
     Annapolis MD. See our <a href="March1999NSS\index.html">Photos from trip
     to NSS Annapolis</a>. These Navy antennas were no longer needed so they
     were demolished with high explosives. Some sad pictures were taken. See <a
     href="Nov1999NSS\index.html">Demolition of three antennas</a> November 13,
     1999.</span></li>
</ul>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:center'><img 
width=573 height=5 src=line2.gif alt="Line"></p>

<h2><span style='font-family:Arial'>WHAT ARE THE EUROPEANS AND AUSTRALIANS
DOING?</span></h2>

<ul>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l1 level1 lfo26;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>The
     British, <a href="http://www.rsgb.org.uk/">The Radio Society of Great
     Britain</a>.</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l1 level1 lfo26;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>the
     Germans, the Swiss and the Australians, to name but a few, are doing great
     things on LF.</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l1 level1 lfo26;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>The
     European countries have been authorizing radio amateur allocations on LF.
     QSOs spanning 1,000 miles have taken place recently in Europe with
     transmitter powers of between 250 and 700 watts, yielding ERPs around 500
     milliwatts!</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l1 level1 lfo26;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>For
     an example of a European radio amateur QSO on LF see a DSP display <a
     href="3yxm9-1.gif">of a European amateur contact in progress</a></span></li>
</ul>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:center'><img 
width=573 height=5 src=line2.gif alt="Line"></p>

<p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:Arial'>JOIN AMRAD'S EFFORTS</span></b>
</p>

<p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Americans have been extremely creative to extract
the last drop of energy available to them within the harsh limitations of the
Part 15 rules. Now with higher power radio amateurs have the potential to open
up new applications and to exploit propagation phenomena that Part 15 rules
would not allow. How about you?</span> </p>

<p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Me, the reader of this page? Moi? Yes, You !</span>
</p>

<p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Why not getting involved in LF? Instead of
using your 2-meter hand-held to discuss the road traffic that you encountered
on the way home, how about helping on the LF scene? If you can distinguish what
is the business end of a soldering iron, or if you are good at writing in
Pascal or C, how about sending us a short e-mail telling us about your
capabilities? We need help in converters, receivers, transmitters, baluns, DSP,
receiving and transmitting antennas and new ideas and concepts in general.</span>
</p>

<p>Write to us at <a href="mailto:tacos@amrad.org">tacos@amrad.org</a> and we promise we will write
back to you.</p>

<p>You can also write to each of us individually
by using our individual <i>callsign@amrad.org</i> for example <a href="mailto:n4ick@amrad.org">n4ick@amrad.org</a></p>

<p style='text-align:center'><img width=573 height=5
src=line2.gif alt="Line"></p>

<p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:Arial'>OTHER LINKS OF INTEREST</span></b>
</p>

<ul>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
     href="http://www.wireless.org.uk/index.htm">The World of LF..</a></span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
     href="http://www.qru.de/">DK8KW Longwave Information</a></span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
     href="http://members.aol.com/bmgenginc/AntPath0.html">DF and propagation
     effects</a></span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
     href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/IONO/ionontro.html">NOAA</a> and <a
     href="http://server5550.itd.nrl.navy.mil/projects/HAARP/ion1.html">NRL</a>
     both regarding ionosphere, built up, disturbances etc.</span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
     href="gopher://sec.noaa.gov/11/lists/geomag">Ionospheric geomagnetic Ak,
     Ap data</a></span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
     href="http://www.g0mrf.freeserve.co.uk/">G0MRF Projects</a></span></li>
 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
     mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
     href="http://www.qsl.net/df3lp/projects.html">short descriptions of the
     DF3LP (Peter W. Schnoor) LF transmitter and RX loop antenna</a></span></li>
</ul>

<p><a href="http://www.qsl.net/df3lp/">DF3LP</a> Main Page</p>

<p style='text-align:center'><a href="http://www.qsl.net/df3lp/"><span
style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><img width=573
height=4 src=line2.gif alt="Line"></span></a></p>

<p style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a href="mailto:k0bra@amrad.org">Frank K0BRA</a></span>
</p>

<p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a href="mailto:n4ick@amrad.org">Andre' N4ICK</a></span>