1 #AMRAD Low Frequency Web Page
2 **NEW ITEMS TO CHECK OUT:**
4 * [AMRAD Presentation on LF Impedance Measurement, HFC2002, London England, 12 OCT 2002](ImpedanceMeter.pdf) (pdf)
5 * [AMRAD Remote Receiver Paper](amradio.pdf) (pdf)
6 * [Larry Kayser's, PIC Program](PIC8_4B.ASM) .ASM file
7 * [AMRAD Comments on FCC LF Allocation Notice of Proposed Rule Making RM-9404](NPRMComments.pdf) (pdf)
8 * [CEPT draft recommendation on LF allocation to Radio Amateurs](CEPT-LF.pdf) (pdf)
9 * [AMRAD LF Upconverter makes April, 2002 QST, Errata Note](UPERR.pdf) (pdf)
10 * [AMRAD Active LF Antenna](actant) September 2001 QST, Notes.
11 * [Digital Modulator](DIGITALMODULATOR.PDF) (pdf) Future LF Design?
12 * [Digital Amplifier](DIGITALAMPLIFIER.PDF) (pdf) Future LF Design?
18 LF stands for Low Frequency,
19 that portion of the RF spectrum extending from 30 through 300 kHz. In Europe,
20 where there are numerous broadcast transmitters between 150 and 250 kHz, it is
21 often called ``Long Wave''. Under ideal conditions in mid-winter the high power
22 European broadcast transmitters can be heard on the U.S. East coast.
24 In the United States, users of the LF band
25 include the US Navy, WWVB, LowFERs between 160 and 190 kHz (<a
26 href="http://www.lwca.org/">Longwave Home Page</a> and <a
27 href="http://www.anarc.org/lwca">Longwave Club of America Home Page</a>)
28 LowFERs are limited to one watt and a 15 meter antenna under FCC part 15. They
29 have demonstrated some amazing ranges under what would appear to be very
30 restrictive rules. Check out these web pages to see what they are able to do.
31 The Longwave Club of America publishes an interesting and informative
32 newsletter LOWDOWN. A serious LF person should subscribe to be sure not to miss
33 new and important information on the LF scene.
35 The electric power companies also transmit
36 signals on the power lines at those frequencies. Their signals are called Power
37 Line Carriers (PLC) and use the power lines to conduct the signals. Some
38 unintended radiation occurs and when listening at the noise threshold of LF
39 these can be heard as modulated and unmodulated carriers. When using a mobile
40 LF receiving setup you can hear these PLCs come way up in strength as you pass
41 near or under long distance power transmission lines. The power companies never
42 applied for or received FCC licenses for this operation. Now with the potential
43 for amateur allocations, power companies are voicing some concern on the
44 potential for interference with their systems.
46 Starting at 200 kHz up to around 420 kHz
47 Non-Directional Beacons (NDB) dot the North American continent. NDBs are
48 located at or near many airports to aid navigation using direction finders on
49 the aircraft. These signals are a good first test of LF receiving systems and
50 can challenge listeners to see how far away they can be heard. Inland NDBs run
51 around 200 watts with a simple Marconi antenna. NDBs on the end of a chain at
52 the coastal edge can run 2.5 kW to reach further out to sea.
58 Operation on LF presents
59 unusual challenges (read ``problems''). The wavelength at 187 kHz is 1 mile,
60 and a quarter wave is 1,320 feet! It gets worse. At 137 kHz where the
61 wavelength becomes 1.3 miles and a quarter wave vertical would reach up 1800
62 feet. Worse yet at 76 kHz the wavelength is 2.46 miles.
64 Hence for those of you interested in building
65 your own equipment, getting the maximum out of necessarily inefficient
66 antennas, using DSP to fight man-made noise, LF is a wonderful place to
67 experiment. If you wonder why LF we can argue the need for a pool of trained LF
68 engineers and listeners for "national" needs such as was needed at HF
69 in WW2. Very Interesting indeed. Who will build LF systems in the future? **You**, perhaps.
73 ##LF TRANSMITTING ANTENNAS:
76 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
77 mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>At
78 LF frequencies, traditional antennas of acceptable length exhibit
79 efficiencies well below 0.1% (yes, one tenth of 1%); hence the search is
80 on for improving traditional antennas, and finding possibly new
81 configurations that may yield better efficiency. AMRAD is looking for ways
82 to build efficient antennas with common materials on a typical radio
83 amateur suburban/urban lot. The search continues.</span></li>
84 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
85 mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
86 has built a 1500 foot long bipole antenna. This is a wire that goes
87 through the woods and is connected on one end to a 300 foot steel well
88 casing and a ground rod in lake on the other. It is tuned to resonance
89 with two large coils near the ends and a ferrite toroid transformer gets
90 it all to 50 ohms for the transmitter. Initially it was not strong back
91 here in the Washington DC area. But now it looks like the signal is pretty
92 good further out. It may favor sky wave to ground wave. Recent results
93 have been good with reception into London, Ontario Canada by Mitch Powell
94 VE3OT. His zipped .wav file can be downloaded </span><a href="wa2.zip">here</a><span
95 style='font-size:13.5pt'>. Note that it is almost 750k. This reception is
96 about 324 miles or 521 km. Closer in we have reception confirmed from
97 Steve Dove W3EEE/G3YDV at Mt. Gretna PA.</span></li>
98 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
99 mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
100 built a small Marconi antenna with only a single wire in the top hat. It
101 is 30 feet high with a 50 foot long top hat. It does not work real well.
102 We will look at adding more top hat wires. The tuner is built with
103 Walmart/Kmart plastic storage boxes as the coil forms.</span></li>
104 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
105 mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
106 built a vertical loop with mixed results. More refinement to reduce
107 resistance losses are being contemplated. "Zip wire ain't efficient
108 here!"</span></li>
109 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
110 mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>If
111 you need a field strength meter to measure and adjust LF antennas take a
112 look here: <a href="fs\index.html">PA0SE Field strength meter for the 137
113 kHz band</a></span></li>
118 ##LF RECEIVING ANTENNAS:
120 Many people use active antennas, while others prefer ferrite bars, or remotely tuned whips.
123 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
124 mso-list:l4 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Bill,
125 W3CSW has been building some attic loops antennas rotated with syncros and
126 remotely tuned with a capacitor decade box. You can read about it <a
127 href="attic.html">here.</a></span></li>
128 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
129 mso-list:l4 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>The
130 simplest and quite effective LF antenna is the E-Field probe. It is
131 essentially a short whip with a very high impedance amplifier at the base
132 to convert the signal impedance to the coaxial cable impedance. To this
133 day Ralph Burhans wrote the best information. It appeared in the magazine
134 Radio-Electronics over the months of March, April, May and June of 1983.
135 Our local library central library in Fairfax Virginia has these on
136 microfilm. Other large public and university libraries as well as
137 old-timer basements should also have these magazines. The effort to find
138 them is well worth it. These antennas work well today and Ralph Burhans
139 imparts a lot of good wisdom on the whys and wherefores of LF receiving
140 antenna design.</span></li>
141 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
142 mso-list:l4 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
143 member Andre' N4ICK has a nifty design that combines an E-Field probe and
144 varactor tuned preamp to limit overload by strong stations. You can see
145 his work here. <a href="lfpreamp.html">N4ICK LF preamp</a></span></li>
146 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
147 mso-list:l4 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>In
148 addition, an isolation transformer between the LF receiving antenna and
149 the shack with the receiver is needed to limit the AC powerline currents
150 flowing into the antenna ground system. If powerline noise and trash are
151 made to flow in the antenna ground they will couple into the electric
152 field around the antenna and thusly into the antenna signal. Once
153 corrupted, it is difficult to remove and can reduce receiving sensitivity
154 by may decibels. No good LF receiving station should be without one. AMRAD
155 has built some and a description of how to build one is <a
156 href="isolationxfmr.html">here</a></span>.</li>
163 Transmitters can be either
164 very efficient switchers or audio amplifiers with bandwidth extending to 200
165 Khz or beyond. Glenn KA0ESA and Andr� N4ICK are busy building such
166 contraptions. AMRAD purchased and has tested a commercial transmitter made in
167 Holland. See a review <a href="FirstRvw.html">here</a>.
171 ##LF SIGNAL PROPAGATION:
173 LF signals can propagate by
174 ground wave or by sky wave. Most studies on LF propagation have concentrated on
175 the ground wave mode and little data and analysis exist on sky wave
176 propagation. J.S. Belrose et al presented data on LF skywave propagation in the
177 Proceedings of the IEEE in May of 1959. This paper seems to be the best source
178 of data on the subject. AMRAD is looking at acquiring data on European LF
179 broadcast stations to help engineer the system necessary to achieve a
180 transatlantic QSO on LF. Some early data has been collected by Sandy, WB5MMB
183 [[projects/lf/162.jpg]]
185 Note the abrupt drop in signal level around 0700 GMT
186 which corresponds with sunrise in the area of the transmitter. We are curious
187 to know what other phenomena might be exploited to achieve a transatlantic QSO.
191 ##<a href="rx/index.htm">LF RECEIVERS:</a>
198 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
199 mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Weak
200 signals can be copied using narrower bandwidths than customary on HF.</span></li>
201 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
202 mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>While
203 500 Hz is considered narrow on HF we could copy really weak signals on LF
204 with bandwidths well below 100 Hz and even below 10 Hz under some
205 conditions.</span></li>
206 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
207 mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>European
208 LF hams have been using slow CW (QRS) with speeds like 3 seconds for a dot
209 which would result in 9 seconds for a dash.</span></li>
210 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
211 mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>LowFERs
212 in the United States have perfected narrowband forms of binary phase shift
213 keying (BPSK) and have demonstrated automated detection sometimes taking
214 all night to recover a weak signal.</span></li>
217 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>All these narrowband modes
218 can make good use of computer signal processing. This can use either a general
219 purpose PC with sound card software or a more special purpose Digital Signal
220 Processor (DSP). The DSP chips are much simpler than a PC while being much more
221 powerful having been optimized from the ground up for signal processing.
222 Several AMRAD members are working on DSP to include Bob WA3WDR and Dave K8MMO.
223 Bob provided some insight in his fine AMRAD article <a href="DSPIntro.html">here</a>.</span>
226 <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>For an excellent example of DSP reception see
227 <a href="Dbf39.jpg">image of frequency vs. time plot for commercial LF station
228 DBF39.</a> (From <a href="mailto:spin@inrete.it">Marco Bruno - IK1ODO</a></span>
229 ) <span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Also check out our trip to </span><b><a
230 href="jan2000\index.html">Nags Head NC</a></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>
231 and some of the spectrograms we got there.</span> </p>
235 <p><a name=DspIntregration></a><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:
236 Arial'>DSP INTEGRATION:</span></b> </p>
238 Work by AMRAD Members Bill Farmer W3CSW (with
239 Frank Gentges K0BRA and Andre N4ICK looking over his shoulder) on using the
240 RX320 along with a DSP program has resulted in a calibrated frequency accuracy
241 of about 1 hertz on the DSP spectrogram. This work has combined the use of Gerd
242 Neiphaus' program <a href="http://www.weaksignals.com/">GNRX320</a> and the PADEN DSP program <a
243 href="http://www.weaksignals.com/">Spectran</a>. This has turned out to be
244 a powerful LF weak signal monitoring set up. Bill was able to discriminate
245 between two beacons running on almost the same frequencies. A screen capture
246 can be seen <a href="AMRADdec.jpg">here.</a>
247 The procedure for getting this accuracy is provided <a href="cal.html">here.</a>
249 href="http://www.weaksignals.com/">Argo/Spectran/Jason</a> Authors Alberto
250 di Bene, I2PHD and Vittorio De Tomasi. IK2CZL have a lot of further
251 improvements planned so stay tuned to their web site as these changes start
252 showing up so we have seen nothing yet. See our journey to <a
253 href="jan2000\index.html">Nags Head NC</a>
254 where we used this setup extensively and it was a delight.
256 References: must reading, from cover to
257 cover, the RSGB's **``The LF Sourcebook''** and Ken Cornell W2IMB's **The Low and
258 Medium Frequency Radio Scrapbook**. Ken Cornell passed away recently and the
259 availability of his book is limited.
263 ##WHAT IS AMRAD DOING?
265 Click on these links for images of early AMRAD LF experiments:
268 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
269 mso-list:l0 level1 lfo20;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
270 href="lf1.jpg">238664 byte image</a></span></li>
271 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
272 mso-list:l0 level1 lfo20;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
273 href="lf2.jpg">226692 byte image</a></span></li>
274 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
275 mso-list:l0 level1 lfo20;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
276 href="lf3.jpg">174610 byte image</a></span></li>
279 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>More recently:</span> </p>
282 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
283 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
284 members Sandy, WB5MMB and Hal, WB3KDU went to the mountains to see if they
285 could copy the New Years day transmission from SAQ at Grimeton Sweden. SAQ
286 uses the last existing Alexanderson alternator to generate the VLF signal
287 at 17.2 kHz. They copied the signal with a 40 foot mast and 4 40 foot
288 ground radials for an antenna. A hombrew upconverter was used ahead of an
289 Icom R71A with a 500 Hz CW filter. The transmission was logged at 1:00 AM
290 EST on 2 January. The location was N38-59-06 W78-00-00 on ridge about
291 1000' above the valley and 1/4 or more miles from nearest house or power line.
292 You can hear how they did </span><a href="SAQWAV.zip">here</a><span
293 style='font-size:13.5pt'> with their 700k zipped .wav file.</span></li>
294 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
295 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
296 has been coordinating with European Radio Amateurs on LF and is
297 co-sponsoring the LF Transatlantic Challenge with the <a href="bobek.html">Bobek
298 award</a>.</span></li>
299 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
300 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
301 applied for and received an experimental FCC Part 5 license to operate at
302 1 watt EIRP on 136.750 Khz. Details are announced at <a href="AMRADpr.html">WA2XTF
303 LF transmissions</a></span></li>
304 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
305 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
306 LF transmissions continue. See our recent DSP Integration work above.</span></li>
307 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
308 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
309 went to Nags Head, NC to see how LF listening might be right on the beach.
310 See <a href="LFTest1999.html">Field test in January 1999</a> for more
311 information.</span></li>
312 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
313 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
314 returned to Nags Head NC over the weekend of January 16, 2000</span><b><span
315 style='font-size:18.0pt'>. </span><a href="jan2000\index.html">See our
316 Nags Head 2000 web page for more information.</a></b></li>
317 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
318 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
319 returned still again to Nags Head NC and Burke Lake Park VA over 12-15
320 January, 2001</span><span style='font-size:18.0pt'>. </span><a
321 href="JAN2001\JAN01.htm">See our Nags Head 2001 web page for more
322 information.</a></li>
323 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
324 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
325 had the opportunity to connect to an unused Navy LF Marconi antenna at
326 Annapolis MD. See our <a href="March1999NSS\index.html">Photos from trip
327 to NSS Annapolis</a>. These Navy antennas were no longer needed so they
328 were demolished with high explosives. Some sad pictures were taken. See <a
329 href="Nov1999NSS\index.html">Demolition of three antennas</a> November 13,
335 ##WHAT ARE THE EUROPEANS AND AUSTRALIANS DOING?
338 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
339 mso-list:l1 level1 lfo26;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>The
340 British, <a href="http://www.rsgb.org.uk/">The Radio Society of Great
341 Britain</a>.</span></li>
342 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
343 mso-list:l1 level1 lfo26;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>the
344 Germans, the Swiss and the Australians, to name but a few, are doing great
345 things on LF.</span></li>
346 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
347 mso-list:l1 level1 lfo26;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>The
348 European countries have been authorizing radio amateur allocations on LF.
349 QSOs spanning 1,000 miles have taken place recently in Europe with
350 transmitter powers of between 250 and 700 watts, yielding ERPs around 500
351 milliwatts!</span></li>
352 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
353 mso-list:l1 level1 lfo26;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>For
354 an example of a European radio amateur QSO on LF see a DSP display <a
355 href="3yxm9-1.gif">of a European amateur contact in progress</a></span></li>
360 ##JOIN AMRAD'S EFFORTS
362 Americans have been extremely creative to extract
363 the last drop of energy available to them within the harsh limitations of the
364 Part 15 rules. Now with higher power radio amateurs have the potential to open
365 up new applications and to exploit propagation phenomena that Part 15 rules
366 would not allow. How about you?
368 Me, the reader of this page? Moi? Yes, You !
370 Why not getting involved in LF? Instead of
371 using your 2-meter hand-held to discuss the road traffic that you encountered
372 on the way home, how about helping on the LF scene? If you can distinguish what
373 is the business end of a soldering iron, or if you are good at writing in
374 Pascal or C, how about sending us a short e-mail telling us about your
375 capabilities? We need help in converters, receivers, transmitters, baluns, DSP,
376 receiving and transmitting antennas and new ideas and concepts in general.
378 Write to us at <a href="mailto:tacos@amrad.org">tacos@amrad.org</a> and we promise we will write
381 You can also write to each of us individually
382 by using our individual <i>callsign@amrad.org</i> for example <a href="mailto:n4ick@amrad.org">n4ick@amrad.org</a>
386 ##OTHER LINKS OF INTEREST
389 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
390 mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
391 href="http://www.wireless.org.uk/index.htm">The World of LF..</a></span></li>
392 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
393 mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
394 href="http://www.qru.de/">DK8KW Longwave Information</a></span></li>
395 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
396 mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
397 href="http://members.aol.com/bmgenginc/AntPath0.html">DF and propagation
398 effects</a></span></li>
399 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
400 mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
401 href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/IONO/ionontro.html">NOAA</a> and <a
402 href="http://server5550.itd.nrl.navy.mil/projects/HAARP/ion1.html">NRL</a>
403 both regarding ionosphere, built up, disturbances etc.</span></li>
404 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
405 mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
406 href="gopher://sec.noaa.gov/11/lists/geomag">Ionospheric geomagnetic Ak,
407 Ap data</a></span></li>
408 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
409 mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
410 href="http://www.g0mrf.freeserve.co.uk/">G0MRF Projects</a></span></li>
411 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
412 mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
413 href="http://www.qsl.net/df3lp/projects.html">short descriptions of the
414 DF3LP (Peter W. Schnoor) LF transmitter and RX loop antenna</a></span></li>
417 <p><a href="http://www.qsl.net/df3lp/">DF3LP</a> Main Page</p>
421 <a href="mailto:k0bra@amrad.org">Frank K0BRA</a>
423 <a href="mailto:n4ick@amrad.org">Andre' N4ICK</a>