1 #AMRAD Low Frequency Web Page
2 <!-- **NEW ITEMS TO CHECK OUT:** save this heading for new items when we have them -->
4 * [AMRAD Presentation on LF Impedance Measurement, HFC2002, London England, 12 OCT 2002](ImpedanceMeter.pdf) (pdf)
5 * [AMRAD Remote Receiver Paper](amradio.pdf) (pdf) <!-- * [Larry Kayser's, PIC Program](PIC8_4B.ASM) .ASM file VA3LK (SK) -->
6 * [AMRAD Comments on FCC LF Allocation Notice of Proposed Rule Making RM-9404](NPRMComments.pdf) (pdf)
7 * [CEPT draft recommendation on LF allocation to Radio Amateurs](CEPT-LF.pdf) (pdf)
8 * [AMRAD LF Upconverter makes April, 2002 QST, Errata Note](UPERR.pdf) (pdf)
9 * [AMRAD Active LF Antenna](actant) September 2001 QST, Notes.
10 * [Digital Modulator](DIGITALMODULATOR.PDF) (pdf) Future LF Design?
11 * [Digital Amplifier](DIGITALAMPLIFIER.PDF) (pdf) Future LF Design?
17 LF stands for Low Frequency,
18 that portion of the RF spectrum extending from 30 through 300 kHz. In Europe,
19 where there are numerous broadcast transmitters between 150 and 250 kHz, it is
20 often called ``Long Wave''. Under ideal conditions in mid-winter the high power
21 European broadcast transmitters can be heard on the U.S. East coast.
23 In the United States, users of the LF band
24 include the US Navy, WWVB, LowFERs between 160 and 190 kHz (<a
25 href="http://www.lwca.org/">Longwave Home Page</a> and <a
26 href="http://www.anarc.org/lwca">Longwave Club of America Home Page</a>)
27 LowFERs are limited to one watt and a 15 meter antenna under FCC part 15. They
28 have demonstrated some amazing ranges under what would appear to be very
29 restrictive rules. Check out these web pages to see what they are able to do.
30 The Longwave Club of America publishes an interesting and informative
31 newsletter LOWDOWN. A serious LF person should subscribe to be sure not to miss
32 new and important information on the LF scene.
34 The electric power companies also transmit
35 signals on the power lines at those frequencies. Their signals are called Power
36 Line Carriers (PLC) and use the power lines to conduct the signals. Some
37 unintended radiation occurs and when listening at the noise threshold of LF
38 these can be heard as modulated and unmodulated carriers. When using a mobile
39 LF receiving setup you can hear these PLCs come way up in strength as you pass
40 near or under long distance power transmission lines. The power companies never
41 applied for or received FCC licenses for this operation. Now with the potential
42 for amateur allocations, power companies are voicing some concern on the
43 potential for interference with their systems.
45 Starting at 200 kHz up to around 420 kHz
46 Non-Directional Beacons (NDB) dot the North American continent. NDBs are
47 located at or near many airports to aid navigation using direction finders on
48 the aircraft. These signals are a good first test of LF receiving systems and
49 can challenge listeners to see how far away they can be heard. Inland NDBs run
50 around 200 watts with a simple Marconi antenna. NDBs on the end of a chain at
51 the coastal edge can run 2.5 kW to reach further out to sea.
57 Operation on LF presents
58 unusual challenges (read ``problems''). The wavelength at 187 kHz is 1 mile,
59 and a quarter wave is 1,320 feet! It gets worse. At 137 kHz where the
60 wavelength becomes 1.3 miles and a quarter wave vertical would reach up 1800
61 feet. Worse yet at 76 kHz the wavelength is 2.46 miles.
63 Hence for those of you interested in building
64 your own equipment, getting the maximum out of necessarily inefficient
65 antennas, using DSP to fight man-made noise, LF is a wonderful place to
66 experiment. If you wonder why LF we can argue the need for a pool of trained LF
67 engineers and listeners for "national" needs such as was needed at HF
68 in WW2. Very Interesting indeed. Who will build LF systems in the future? **You**, perhaps.
72 ##LF TRANSMITTING ANTENNAS:
75 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
76 mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>At
77 LF frequencies, traditional antennas of acceptable length exhibit
78 efficiencies well below 0.1% (yes, one tenth of 1%); hence the search is
79 on for improving traditional antennas, and finding possibly new
80 configurations that may yield better efficiency. AMRAD is looking for ways
81 to build efficient antennas with common materials on a typical radio
82 amateur suburban/urban lot. The search continues.</span></li>
83 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
84 mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
85 has built a 1500 foot long bipole antenna. This is a wire that goes
86 through the woods and is connected on one end to a 300 foot steel well
87 casing and a ground rod in lake on the other. It is tuned to resonance
88 with two large coils near the ends and a ferrite toroid transformer gets
89 it all to 50 ohms for the transmitter. Initially it was not strong back
90 here in the Washington DC area. But now it looks like the signal is pretty
91 good further out. It may favor sky wave to ground wave. Recent results
92 have been good with reception into London, Ontario Canada by Mitch Powell
93 VE3OT. His zipped .wav file can be downloaded </span><a href="wa2.zip">here</a><span
94 style='font-size:13.5pt'>. Note that it is almost 750k. This reception is
95 about 324 miles or 521 km. Closer in we have reception confirmed from
96 Steve Dove W3EEE/G3YDV at Mt. Gretna PA.</span></li>
97 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
98 mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
99 built a small Marconi antenna with only a single wire in the top hat. It
100 is 30 feet high with a 50 foot long top hat. It does not work real well.
101 We will look at adding more top hat wires. The tuner is built with
102 Walmart/Kmart plastic storage boxes as the coil forms.</span></li>
103 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
104 mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
105 built a vertical loop with mixed results. More refinement to reduce
106 resistance losses are being contemplated. "Zip wire ain't efficient
107 here!"</span></li>
108 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
109 mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>If
110 you need a field strength meter to measure and adjust LF antennas take a
111 look here: <a href="fs\index.html">PA0SE Field strength meter for the 137
112 kHz band</a></span></li>
117 ##LF RECEIVING ANTENNAS:
119 Many people use active antennas, while others prefer ferrite bars, or remotely tuned whips.
122 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
123 mso-list:l4 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Bill,
124 W3CSW has been building some attic loops antennas rotated with syncros and
125 remotely tuned with a capacitor decade box. You can read about it <a
126 href="attic.html">here.</a></span></li>
127 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
128 mso-list:l4 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>The
129 simplest and quite effective LF antenna is the E-Field probe. It is
130 essentially a short whip with a very high impedance amplifier at the base
131 to convert the signal impedance to the coaxial cable impedance. To this
132 day Ralph Burhans wrote the best information. It appeared in the magazine
133 Radio-Electronics over the months of March, April, May and June of 1983.
134 Our local library central library in Fairfax Virginia has these on
135 microfilm. Other large public and university libraries as well as
136 old-timer basements should also have these magazines. The effort to find
137 them is well worth it. These antennas work well today and Ralph Burhans
138 imparts a lot of good wisdom on the whys and wherefores of LF receiving
139 antenna design.</span></li>
140 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
141 mso-list:l4 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
142 member Andre' N4ICK has a nifty design that combines an E-Field probe and
143 varactor tuned preamp to limit overload by strong stations. You can see
144 his work here. <a href="lfpreamp.html">N4ICK LF preamp</a></span></li>
145 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
146 mso-list:l4 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>In
147 addition, an isolation transformer between the LF receiving antenna and
148 the shack with the receiver is needed to limit the AC powerline currents
149 flowing into the antenna ground system. If powerline noise and trash are
150 made to flow in the antenna ground they will couple into the electric
151 field around the antenna and thusly into the antenna signal. Once
152 corrupted, it is difficult to remove and can reduce receiving sensitivity
153 by may decibels. No good LF receiving station should be without one. AMRAD
154 has built some and a description of how to build one is <a
155 href="isolationxfmr.html">here</a></span>.</li>
162 Transmitters can be either
163 very efficient switchers or audio amplifiers with bandwidth extending to 200
164 Khz or beyond. Glenn KA0ESA and Andr� N4ICK are busy building such
165 contraptions. AMRAD purchased and has tested a commercial transmitter made in
166 Holland. See a review <a href="FirstRvw.html">here</a>.
170 ##LF SIGNAL PROPAGATION:
172 LF signals can propagate by
173 ground wave or by sky wave. Most studies on LF propagation have concentrated on
174 the ground wave mode and little data and analysis exist on sky wave
175 propagation. J.S. Belrose et al presented data on LF skywave propagation in the
176 Proceedings of the IEEE in May of 1959. This paper seems to be the best source
177 of data on the subject. AMRAD is looking at acquiring data on European LF
178 broadcast stations to help engineer the system necessary to achieve a
179 transatlantic QSO on LF. Some early data has been collected by Sandy, WB5MMB
182 [[projects/lf/162.jpg]]
184 Note the abrupt drop in signal level around 0700 GMT
185 which corresponds with sunrise in the area of the transmitter. We are curious
186 to know what other phenomena might be exploited to achieve a transatlantic QSO.
190 ##<a href="rx/index.htm">LF RECEIVERS:</a>
197 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
198 mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Weak
199 signals can be copied using narrower bandwidths than customary on HF.</span></li>
200 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
201 mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>While
202 500 Hz is considered narrow on HF we could copy really weak signals on LF
203 with bandwidths well below 100 Hz and even below 10 Hz under some
204 conditions.</span></li>
205 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
206 mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>European
207 LF hams have been using slow CW (QRS) with speeds like 3 seconds for a dot
208 which would result in 9 seconds for a dash.</span></li>
209 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
210 mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>LowFERs
211 in the United States have perfected narrowband forms of binary phase shift
212 keying (BPSK) and have demonstrated automated detection sometimes taking
213 all night to recover a weak signal.</span></li>
216 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>All these narrowband modes
217 can make good use of computer signal processing. This can use either a general
218 purpose PC with sound card software or a more special purpose Digital Signal
219 Processor (DSP). The DSP chips are much simpler than a PC while being much more
220 powerful having been optimized from the ground up for signal processing.
221 Several AMRAD members are working on DSP to include Bob WA3WDR and Dave K8MMO.
222 Bob provided some insight in his fine AMRAD article <a href="DSPIntro.html">here</a>.</span>
225 <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>For an excellent example of DSP reception see
226 <a href="Dbf39.jpg">image of frequency vs. time plot for commercial LF station
227 DBF39.</a> (From <a href="mailto:spin@inrete.it">Marco Bruno - IK1ODO</a></span>
228 ) <span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Also check out our trip to </span><b><a
229 href="jan2000\index.html">Nags Head NC</a></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>
230 and some of the spectrograms we got there.</span> </p>
234 <p><a name=DspIntregration></a><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:
235 Arial'>DSP INTEGRATION:</span></b> </p>
237 Work by AMRAD Members Bill Farmer W3CSW (with
238 Frank Gentges K0BRA and Andre N4ICK looking over his shoulder) on using the
239 RX320 along with a DSP program has resulted in a calibrated frequency accuracy
240 of about 1 hertz on the DSP spectrogram. This work has combined the use of Gerd
241 Neiphaus' program <a href="http://www.weaksignals.com/">GNRX320</a> and the PADEN DSP program <a
242 href="http://www.weaksignals.com/">Spectran</a>. This has turned out to be
243 a powerful LF weak signal monitoring set up. Bill was able to discriminate
244 between two beacons running on almost the same frequencies. A screen capture
245 can be seen <a href="AMRADdec.jpg">here.</a>
246 The procedure for getting this accuracy is provided <a href="cal.html">here.</a>
248 href="http://www.weaksignals.com/">Argo/Spectran/Jason</a> Authors Alberto
249 di Bene, I2PHD and Vittorio De Tomasi. IK2CZL have a lot of further
250 improvements planned so stay tuned to their web site as these changes start
251 showing up so we have seen nothing yet. See our journey to <a
252 href="jan2000\index.html">Nags Head NC</a>
253 where we used this setup extensively and it was a delight.
255 References: must reading, from cover to
256 cover, the RSGB's **``The LF Sourcebook''** and Ken Cornell W2IMB's **The Low and
257 Medium Frequency Radio Scrapbook**. Ken Cornell passed away recently and the
258 availability of his book is limited.
262 ##WHAT IS AMRAD DOING?
264 Click on these links for images of early AMRAD LF experiments:
267 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
268 mso-list:l0 level1 lfo20;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
269 href="lf1.jpg">238664 byte image</a></span></li>
270 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
271 mso-list:l0 level1 lfo20;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
272 href="lf2.jpg">226692 byte image</a></span></li>
273 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
274 mso-list:l0 level1 lfo20;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
275 href="lf3.jpg">174610 byte image</a></span></li>
278 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>More recently:</span> </p>
281 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
282 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
283 members Sandy, WB5MMB and Hal, WB3KDU went to the mountains to see if they
284 could copy the New Years day transmission from SAQ at Grimeton Sweden. SAQ
285 uses the last existing Alexanderson alternator to generate the VLF signal
286 at 17.2 kHz. They copied the signal with a 40 foot mast and 4 40 foot
287 ground radials for an antenna. A hombrew upconverter was used ahead of an
288 Icom R71A with a 500 Hz CW filter. The transmission was logged at 1:00 AM
289 EST on 2 January. The location was N38-59-06 W78-00-00 on ridge about
290 1000' above the valley and 1/4 or more miles from nearest house or power line.
291 You can hear how they did </span><a href="SAQWAV.zip">here</a><span
292 style='font-size:13.5pt'> with their 700k zipped .wav file.</span></li>
293 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
294 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
295 has been coordinating with European Radio Amateurs on LF and is
296 co-sponsoring the LF Transatlantic Challenge with the <a href="bobek.html">Bobek
297 award</a>.</span></li>
298 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
299 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
300 applied for and received an experimental FCC Part 5 license to operate at
301 1 watt EIRP on 136.750 Khz. Details are announced at <a href="AMRADpr.html">WA2XTF
302 LF transmissions</a></span></li>
303 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
304 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
305 LF transmissions continue. See our recent DSP Integration work above.</span></li>
306 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
307 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
308 went to Nags Head, NC to see how LF listening might be right on the beach.
309 See <a href="LFTest1999.html">Field test in January 1999</a> for more
310 information.</span></li>
311 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
312 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
313 returned to Nags Head NC over the weekend of January 16, 2000</span><b><span
314 style='font-size:18.0pt'>. </span><a href="jan2000\index.html">See our
315 Nags Head 2000 web page for more information.</a></b></li>
316 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
317 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
318 returned still again to Nags Head NC and Burke Lake Park VA over 12-15
319 January, 2001</span><span style='font-size:18.0pt'>. </span><a
320 href="JAN2001\JAN01.htm">See our Nags Head 2001 web page for more
321 information.</a></li>
322 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
323 mso-list:l3 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>AMRAD
324 had the opportunity to connect to an unused Navy LF Marconi antenna at
325 Annapolis MD. See our <a href="March1999NSS\index.html">Photos from trip
326 to NSS Annapolis</a>. These Navy antennas were no longer needed so they
327 were demolished with high explosives. Some sad pictures were taken. See <a
328 href="Nov1999NSS\index.html">Demolition of three antennas</a> November 13,
334 ##WHAT ARE THE EUROPEANS AND AUSTRALIANS DOING?
337 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
338 mso-list:l1 level1 lfo26;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>The
339 British, <a href="http://www.rsgb.org.uk/">The Radio Society of Great
340 Britain</a>.</span></li>
341 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
342 mso-list:l1 level1 lfo26;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>the
343 Germans, the Swiss and the Australians, to name but a few, are doing great
344 things on LF.</span></li>
345 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
346 mso-list:l1 level1 lfo26;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>The
347 European countries have been authorizing radio amateur allocations on LF.
348 QSOs spanning 1,000 miles have taken place recently in Europe with
349 transmitter powers of between 250 and 700 watts, yielding ERPs around 500
350 milliwatts!</span></li>
351 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
352 mso-list:l1 level1 lfo26;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>For
353 an example of a European radio amateur QSO on LF see a DSP display <a
354 href="3yxm9-1.gif">of a European amateur contact in progress</a></span></li>
359 ##JOIN AMRAD'S EFFORTS
361 Americans have been extremely creative to extract
362 the last drop of energy available to them within the harsh limitations of the
363 Part 15 rules. Now with higher power radio amateurs have the potential to open
364 up new applications and to exploit propagation phenomena that Part 15 rules
365 would not allow. How about you?
367 Me, the reader of this page? Moi? Yes, You !
369 Why not getting involved in LF? Instead of
370 using your 2-meter hand-held to discuss the road traffic that you encountered
371 on the way home, how about helping on the LF scene? If you can distinguish what
372 is the business end of a soldering iron, or if you are good at writing in
373 Pascal or C, how about sending us a short e-mail telling us about your
374 capabilities? We need help in converters, receivers, transmitters, baluns, DSP,
375 receiving and transmitting antennas and new ideas and concepts in general.
377 Write to us at <a href="mailto:tacos@amrad.org">tacos@amrad.org</a> and we promise we will write
380 You can also write to each of us individually
381 by using our individual <i>callsign@amrad.org</i> for example <a href="mailto:n4ick@amrad.org">n4ick@amrad.org</a>
385 ##OTHER LINKS OF INTEREST
388 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
389 mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
390 href="http://www.wireless.org.uk/index.htm">The World of LF..</a></span></li>
391 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
392 mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
393 href="http://www.qru.de/">DK8KW Longwave Information</a></span></li>
394 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
395 mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
396 href="http://members.aol.com/bmgenginc/AntPath0.html">DF and propagation
397 effects</a></span></li>
398 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
399 mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
400 href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/IONO/ionontro.html">NOAA</a> and <a
401 href="http://server5550.itd.nrl.navy.mil/projects/HAARP/ion1.html">NRL</a>
402 both regarding ionosphere, built up, disturbances etc.</span></li>
403 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
404 mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
405 href="gopher://sec.noaa.gov/11/lists/geomag">Ionospheric geomagnetic Ak,
406 Ap data</a></span></li>
407 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
408 mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
409 href="http://www.g0mrf.freeserve.co.uk/">G0MRF Projects</a></span></li>
410 <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
411 mso-list:l5 level1 lfo29;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a
412 href="http://www.qsl.net/df3lp/projects.html">short descriptions of the
413 DF3LP (Peter W. Schnoor) LF transmitter and RX loop antenna</a></span></li>
416 <p><a href="http://www.qsl.net/df3lp/">DF3LP</a> Main Page</p>
420 <a href="mailto:k0bra@amrad.org">Frank K0BRA</a>
422 <a href="mailto:n4ick@amrad.org">Andre' N4ICK</a>