1 <h1>Amateur Spread Spectrum</h1>
3 Paul Rinaldo, w4ri@amrad.org<br>
4 Hal Feinstein, wb3kdu@amrad.org<br>
5 André Kesteloot, n4ick@amrad.org<br>
8 The use of spread spectrum communications began in the Amateur Radio Service in
9 March 1981 when the FCC issued a Special Temporary Authority (STA) to AMRAD.
10 W4RI and K2SZE made the premiere HF contact using frequency hopping. WA3ZXW,
11 N4EZV, WB5MMB and K8MMO were also involved in these early experiments. A joint
12 FCC-AMRAD 'fox hunt' demonstrated that spread spectrum stations could be located
13 with direction-finding techniques. N4ICK became involved later, beginning in 1986.
15 At AMRAD's urging, in 1985 the FCC amended Part 97 of its Rules to permit regular
16 spread spectrum communications in the Amateur Radio Service with certain restrictions as
17 to spreading methods and limited to frequencies above 420 MHz. These restrictions have
18 been the subject of controversy within the Amateur Radio community ever since, some
19 desiring to remove them entirely including permitting spread spectrum operation on all
20 amateur bands, others wishing to tighten them. STAs subsequently have been issued to
21 K6KGS and a number of amateur stations on the West Coast, and in 1996 to the Tucson
22 Amateur Packet Radio Corporation (TAPR), both of which allow operation above 50
23 MHz with unrestricted spreading codes. In 1996, the American Radio Relay League
24 (ARRL) petitioned the FCC to permit other spreading sequences, require automatic power
25 control when transmitting at powers above 1 watt, while keeping the lowest operating
26 frequency at 420 MHz. The FCC has issued a Notice of Proposed Rule Making and is
27 expected to decide on rule changes during 1997-98.
29 <h2>What is Spread Spectrum?</h2>
31 Spread spectrum is a technique to reduce the power density of a radio transmission by
32 spreading its signal over a wide band of frequencies, at least 10 times the information rate
33 and usually much higher. Under some conditions, reduction of power density permits
34 greater spectrum sharing opportunities than using the traditional access method frequency-
35 division multiple access (FDMA) or even time-division multiple access (TDMA). As the
36 receiving system must despread the spread spectrum signal just the opposite from how it
37 was originally spread and in exact synchronization, there is the added advantage of
38 rejection of interference or jamming and immunity from frequency-selective fading. Some
39 modern cellular and other systems use a form of spread spectrum called code-division
40 multiple access (CDMA).
42 <h2>How Do I Learn More?</h2>
44 The best basic information on amateur spread spectrum can be found in The ARRL Spread
45 Spectrum Sourcebook, authored by AMRAD, N4ICK editor, and published by the ARRL.
46 Check their Web pages at http://www.arrl.org. Spread spectrum information also is found
47 in the AMRAD Newsletter mailed to members.
49 <h2>How Can I Get Involved?</h2>
51 AMRAD welcomes participation in new developments in amateur spread spectrum. This
52 includes, but is not limited to:
54 <li> construction and testing of new spread spectrum radios
55 <li> experimenting with spectrum sharing techniques
56 <li> mainstreaming the use of spread spectrum in the amateur bands
57 <li> writing for the AMRAD Newsletter
58 <li> contibuting to future editions of The ARRL Spread Spectrum Sourcebook
59 <li> supporting the modernization of Part 97 spread spectrum rules
63 <a href="mailto:webmaster@amrad.org">The AMRAD Webmaster</a>
64 <!-- Created: Mon Apr 28 10:44:14 PDT 1997 -->
66 Last modified: Sat Sep 22 21:50:04 EDT 2007